The extreme conditions of inner Earth make it impossible to explore. But seismic waves during earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and light waves from the Sun all have helped reveal fascinating insights about our planet’s mantle, crust, and core.
The final frontier isn’t space: It’s the Earth itself. We’ve sent people to the moon, robots to Mars and the New Horizons space probe 3.26 billion miles from Earth to snap photos of Pluto, while just 4,000 miles beneath our feet, unfathomable heat and pressure keep the center of the Earth tantalizingly out of reach.
Deeper in the mantle, heat and pressure reconfigure the atoms making up olivine into two new minerals, bridgmanite and ferropericlase, which are brownish-orange and yellow at room temperature. Beneath the rocky mantle, there’s an outer core of churning liquid iron surrounding an inner core of solid iron that’s about 70 percent the size of the moon.
Lekić likens seismology to the way we use X-rays to see inside the human body — the different densities of our muscles, organs, and bone mean that the X-rays travel through them in different ways. “We can’t send X-rays through the Earth, because the X-rays won’t make it all the way through,” he says. “Instead, we use seismic waves.”Earthquakes send ground vibrations throughout our planet, and they travel across the world in different ways.
The light shows there's a lot of silicon, oxygen, magnesium and iron, along with other elements like potassium and calcium, Campbell says. The relative amounts of elements in the sun is similar to what we see in certain primitive meteorites, he adds, which “reinforces our understanding that these primitive meteorites represent the building blocks from which we can assemble terrestrial planets. And that includes Earth.
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