It was 1961, and across the South, college students, faith leaders, shop owners, high school students, civil rights leaders and others risked their lives to battle white supremacy. These are their stories.
Courtland Cox, a leader of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee who helped end segregation in restaurants.Quote iconDave Dennis started a chapter of the Congress of Racial Equality in his hometown of Shreveport, Louisiana, was a Freedom Rider and co-director of the Council of Federated Organizations, a coalition of civil rights groups in Mississippi. Dennis was arrested 30 times for his work in the movement in Louisiana and Mississippi.
“We staged the protest at McCrory’s because it was a place where people got arrested for picketing or sitting at the lunch counter. It made no sense that we could purchase items at the Five & Dime store, but the moment we sat at the lunch counter, we were breaching the peace. So, we decided to protest it, and as soon as we sat down, the police officers grabbed us off the stools and took us across the back lot and to the city jail.
Larry Gibson as a student at Howard University. Gibson delivers remarks during the funeral service for Rep. Elijah Cummings, D-Md., at New Psalmist Baptist Church on October 25, 2019, in Baltimore, Maryland."We got to a cafeteria in Baltimore, and unlike other sit-down restaurants, along the right-side wall, the food was there on ice in little trays. You could grab it yourself, then turn the corner and there’s the person with the cash register.
"You see being the oldest child and a girl, my mom and my dad, they just knew that I was that spirited type of a person. And I think most of the Tougaloo Nine participants probably had this kind of ego of wanting to do something different because we knew that you had to want to do this. Nobody was forcing you to do it."John Harper was an 18-year-old white man from Ohio who wanted to make a difference amid the tumult of the 1960s. He transferred to Howard University in Washington, D.C.
"We weren’t doing anything special. It only became special in retrospect. It was what anybody else would do. Like, why wouldn’t you go to Baltimore on the weekend? And while you were there, if you could swing it, why wouldn’t you get arrested?.”Charlayne Hunter-Gault, at the time Charlayne Hunter, was one of the two first Black students to attend the University of Georgia, paving the way for integration in higher education, especially in the South.
“And so I went – the phones were out in the hallway – and I went to the phone. This was before cellphones, and I went outside and called her to let her know that I was all right, no matter what she might have seen on television. In fact, I think I told her not to turn on the television, which was probably an invitation to turn on their television. But I wanted her to know that I was OK.
Jerry Keahey Sr. in his yearbook at Tougaloo College. Keahey outside the former public library in Jackson, Mississippi where he drove nine fellow students from Tougaloo College to conduct a"read-in" in 1961. Joyce Ladner is a civil rights movement veteran and former president of Howard University in Washington, D.C. The late Georgia Rep. John Lewis and Ladner chat in 2019 at a gala hosted by the March on Washington Film Festival.
Dorie Ladner, a native of Mississippi, was a member of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee helping register Black residents to vote.“We ran in people's houses. White and Black people let us in their houses near Jackson State's campus. This Black woman let me in her house. She told me, ‘Baby, baby come and sit on the front porch.’ And I went and sat on the porch and here the police were walking with the dogs all around and just up and down the streets.
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