Ales Hrdlicka was the head curator of physical anthropology for the Smithsonian. Aided by a global network, he collected human brains to support racist beliefs
sent 22 brains. Doctors at the University of Maryland sent eight brains to the Smithsonian.
Hired in 1903 as an assistant curator at the Smithsonian, he quickly built a network of people who would collect body parts on his behalf: researchers in South Africa and the Philippines, and doctors and professors at universities around the United States. He told them the Smithsonian would reimburse them for the work.
“Do not go away until after you have made as big a collection of skeletal material as possible,” Schück, who was in Zanzibar, was directed in a 1914 letter that was unsigned but appeared to be written by Hrdlicka. “The natives must not, of course, be taken into confidence, in fact, they should know nothing about such collecting. If you will need help get some good white man.”
Hrdlicka’s own racist beliefs were featured in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology, which was affiliated with the American Association of Physical Anthropologists. He helped found both organizations and they remain pioneering forces in the field of anthropology. The journal and association have since changed their names, replacing “physical anthropology” with “biological anthropology” to move away from the field’s early ties to debunked racial science.
“Much of Hrdlicka’s work has been discredited and his views are not the views of the association or the journal now,” said Trudy R. Turner, the editor in chief of the journal. “While it is important to know our history, it is not who we are now.” “With such individuals the scientific sterilization of every individual will be a distinct and undeniable service to humankind,” he wrote. “If only this could be achieved it would be a great step forward in the right direction.”that all humans share a common origin, and that physiological differences of race are only “skin-deep.” But he also continued to insist that evolution had made it so “all races are not equal” and that it was unlikely that certain races would “catch up.
In another case, the Justice Department hired Hrdlicka in 1915 to study Chippewa people on the White Earth Reservation in Minnesota and determine who was a “full-blood” Native American based on their appearance for purposes of land rights. He examined 696 people, concluding each individual’s “blood status” based on their hair texture, skin, eyes, teeth, gums and other physical features, according to a Smithsonian report in 1916.
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