Study implicates gut microbiome health in Parkinson's disease Microbiome Parkinsons Disease Gut Metagenomics NatureComms UABNews asap_research UniOfSurrey EmoryMedicine
By Dr. Liji Thomas, MDDec 1 2022Reviewed by Benedette Cuffari, M.Sc. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative condition that hampers movement and ultimately results in the loss of independence.
Several causes may underlie PD, including genetic susceptibility and environmental risk factors. In most cases, no cause is identifiable. However, Braak's hypothesis traces non-familial PD to gut infection, following a long-known pattern of constipation, loss of epithelial barrier integrity in the gut, and inflammation. In addition, early PD has been associated with the presence of alpha-synuclein bodies within gut cells.
The current paper is based on metagenomics, which implies using all the genetic matter obtained from a community of organisms. The study aimed to provide a large-scale view of how the gut microbiome was altered in PD. It was carried out by researchers in the NeuroGenetics Research Consortium, NGRC, using a large number of samples and deep sequencing.
What did the study show? The researchers found several striking findings. Not only did the results confirm that dysbiosis is frequent and significant in PD patients, but they also identified the species responsible for such dysbiosis. Overall, the scientists showed that many species changed in abundance, with opportunistic pathogens becoming overabundant. In addition, immunogenic molecules were also produced. These could induce inflammation and infection, along with the overproduction of toxic molecules and curli.
The scientists also found several co-occurring species as well as those that show reciprocal changes in abundance. They found several species to be depleted, including those like Roseburia species and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, that produce short-chain fatty acids . The study also resolved some contradictory findings from earlier research, showing they were due to false assumptions of homogeneity across genera in a given disease. Thus, both Prevotella and Streptococci were found to comprise different species, some of which increased and others decreased in association with PD.
Again, genes encoding the breakdown of proteins and amino acids were enriched in PD, indicating a shift to using these molecules for energy or as carbon sources instead of sugars. Mucin is one such source, and increased mucin degradation could contribute to the increased gut permeability in PD.
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