Spring sunny heat waves caused record snow melt in 2021, adding to severe water supply impacts across the Western US DRIscience IOPenvironment
1. IntroductionClimate extremes in 2021 were widespread across the globe and the western United States was just one of many regions to experience severe environmental and socioeconomic impacts. The trend of rising temperatures continued in 2021 with global surface temperatures ranking between the fifth and seventh warmest, depending on the dataset, since 1880 . Extreme heat and unprecedented wildfires occurred in western North America and the Mediterranean region of Europe .
This setup of a multi-year drought with extreme soil moisture deficits heading into winter created an ideal scenario for a continuation of drought conditions in summer 2021 as initial spring runoff would be partitioned into wetting the soil moisture column before generating runoff and streamflow.
2.3. USDM dataThe USDM provides weekly snapshots of drought conditions based on objective weather and climate indicators, 'boots-on-the-ground' conditions reporting, and expert guidance by the weekly author of the maps . Changes in the USDM respond to both the climate drivers of drought and impacts being felt on the ground such as water shortages or degraded crop and range conditions.
Most notable in the second week of April was the record high Rsd in California, southern Nevada, southern Utah, and northern Arizona ) that was coincident with above median temperatures and ). The weak low pressure off the Pacific coast became closed off and the strength of the North Pacific high weakened and began to shift east ).
4. DiscussionHeat waves typically are considered to have the greatest impacts in summer, but we provide examples of two high-impact spring heat waves that are consistent with the long-term trend of spring warming in the West . While the rate of snowmelt was unusual during these events the timing was not unusually early, and even later than average, for some locations like the Sierra Nevada and mid-to-low elevations in the Cascades.
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