Transgender protection acts require India's 'third gender' to register as trans, a process that can require medical proof of gender reassignment, which most hijras do not undergo
s favour “transgender”, while governments prefer “third gender”. Estimates of the number of non-binary people in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan run from 500,000 to several million.
Since 2014 all three countries have recognised third gender as a legal category. In 2016 a small group of Muslim clerics in Pakistan set a precedent by ruling thatcan marry and be buried with other Muslims. By 2019 India and Pakistan had both passed transgender protection acts. Bangladesh introduced a scheme to hirefor government jobs in 2015, and earlier this year started offering generous tax breaks to companies that employ them.
The creative and legislative energy has, however, also highlighted the problems inherent in naming and defining gender identities. Many of the people who ought to benefit from the new laws are riled by what they see as lawmakers’ perpetuation of long-held misconceptions, such as the idea thatare deemed male at birth but feel female, and are usually attracted to men. Other critics find modern gender discourse troublesome.
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