Scientists find key reason for ongoing loss of smell in long-COVID Coronavirus Disease Smell COVID19 Anosmia PASC LongCOVID ScienceTM
Study: Persistent post–COVID-19 smell loss is associated with immune cell infiltration and altered gene expression in olfactory epithelium. Image Credit: Nicole Rerk / Shutterstock
About the study In the present study, the researchers used biopsy samples of olfactory epithelium obtained from nine PASC patients experiencing persistent anosmia, which was verified using a smell identification test before the biopsy. Olfactory biopsy and mucus samples from normosmic individuals with and without a history of COVID-19 were used as control.
Results The results reported infiltration of the olfactory epithelium with T cells secreting interferon-γ and changes in the population of myeloid cells resulting in an increase in CD207+ dendritic cells and a decrease in anti-inflammatory macrophages. Furthermore, gene expression analysis revealed responses to continued inflammatory signaling in the sustentacular cells despite the absence of SARS-CoV-2 proteins or ribonucleic acid .
Comparison of immune cell phenotypes of humans with anosmia during PASC and those from hamsters with acute SARS-CoV-2 infections revealed that infiltrates in the olfactory epithelia of infected hamsters contained monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages in the first week following infection, which were resolved by week two. In contrast, the olfactory epithelia of anosmic PASC patients were infiltrated with T cells for months following COVID-19.
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