Perspective: China’s increased surveillance capacity could be dangerous
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In the 1920s, the FBI collected “obscene” materials and information on “illicit” sexual behavior that could be used for political purposes. In 1936, with concern growing about fascism and communism in Europe, Director J. Edgar Hoover developed a vast covert surveillance program to monitor those movements in the United States. Between 1940 and 1972, the agency grew from 898 agents to 8,900.
In 1925, one French official described communism as a “flood which threatens to be unleashed on the coast of West Africa.” Although no local threat had been identified, imperial control seemed precarious and political activity in places such as Paris and Vietnam prompted authorities in French West Africa to increase local surveillance.
Some suspects were expelled from French West Africa as “undesirable” foreigners, while others were arrested for infractions such as distributing forbidden newspapers. But the threat of surveillance alone, or people’s awareness that a surveillance apparatus existed, was sometimes enough to dissuade people from joining a pan-Africanist group or subscribing to a radical newspaper.
France Dernières Nouvelles, France Actualités
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