Key milestones in the journey from ENIAC to Tesla, from Data Processing to Big Data.
by Thomas Haigh and Paul E. Ceruzzi. But the selection of key events in the journey from ENIAC to Tesla, from Data Processing to Big Data, is mine.... [+]
1947 Statistician John W. Tukey coins the term “bit” to designate a binary digit, a unit of information stored in a computer.November 1947 At Bell Labs, Walter H. Brattain and John A. Bardeen, under the direction of William B. Shockley, discover the transistor effect, developing and demonstrating a point-contact germanium transistor, later leading to small, low-power electronic devices and eventually low-cost integrated circuits.
Late 1951 The Whirlwind computer, the first real-time high-speed digital computer using random-access magnetic-core memory, becomes operational and is made available for scientific and military research, later leading to the United States Air Forceʼs Semi-Automatic Ground Environment , a continental air-defense system.
1959 Arthur Samuel coins the term “machine learning,” reporting on programming a computer “so that it will learn to play a better game of checkers than can be played by the person who wrote the program.” 1961 The National Machine Accountants Association , established in 1949, is renamed The Data Processing Management Association . In 1997, DPMA was renamed the Association of Information Technology Professionals .
1963 The Institute of Radio Engineers and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers merge to form the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers . 1965 Edward Feigenbaum, Bruce G. Buchanan, Joshua Lederberg, and Carl Djerassi start working on DENDRAL at Stanford University. The first expert system, it automates the decision-making process and problem-solving behavior of organic chemists, with the general aim of studying hypothesis formation and constructing models of empirical induction in science.
October 1967 At the first ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, Larry Roberts presents “Multiple computer networks and intercomputer communication,” in which he describes the architecture of the “ARPA net” and argues that giving scientists the ability to explore data and programs residing in remote locations will reduce duplication of effort and result in enormous savings.
December 1968 Douglas Engelbart demonstrates interactive computer programs controlled by a mouse and connected via a live microwave link to a remote computer in a presentation to the Fall Joint Computer Conference. It became known as “the mother of all demos.” April 1969 Steve Crocker submits RFC 1, the first “Request for Comment” which became the primary mechanism for the collaborative and open development of the Internet.
July 4, 1971 Michael Hart launches Project Gutenberg with the goal of making copyright-free works electronically available by entering the text of the U.S. Declaration of Independence into the University of Illinois mainframe he was using, creating a 5K file.Late 1971 Ray Tomlinson at BBN writes the code for network email and sends the first email over the ARPANET.
March 1973 Xerox PARC introduces the Alto, the first modern personal computer, supporting a graphical user interface. 1976 The Cray 1 is installed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. It remained the world’s fastest computer until 1982 when it was succeeded by the Cray X-MP., a text-based adventure game, on the PDP-10 at BBN. It became widely popular, greatly influenced future video games, and has been ported to numerous computer systems. In 2017, Eric S.
1979 The Stanford Cart successfully crosses a chair-filled room without human intervention in about five hours, becoming one of the earliest examples of an autonomous vehicle. April 1981 The first successful portable computer, the Osborne 1, is released. Weighing 24.5 pounds, its $1,795 purchase price included WordStar and SuperCalc spreadsheet program.magazine describes it as “a synthesis of the best the microcomputer industry has offered to date.” It incorporates the Intel 8088, one or two 5.25″ floppy disk drives, each with a capacity of up to 320KB; PC DOS, developed by Microsoft, MicroPro’s WordStar, and Ashton-Tate’s dBase II.
February 1985 Whole Earth’s ‘Lectronic Link is established, one of the first “virtual communities.” The WELL presented its first users with the disclaimer You Own Your Own Words. YOYOW strived to achieve the goal of attracting interesting people into online conversation with each other, while giving them responsibility for their own words and ideas.
October 1988 Dave Cutler and eleven other DEC engineers join Microsoft after their RISC-related project is killed. They develop Windows NT which has served as the core of every new version of Windows since 2001. September 1991 22-year-old Linus Torvalds posts Linux online, an operating system kernel which later evolved into a family of open-source Unix-like operating systems.
May 1995 Sun releases Java, a programming language intended to let programmers “write once, run everywhere.” It was originally developed by James Gosling and others at Sun to allow interactive applications to be downloaded to digital cable television boxes. It became widely popular when Netscape used it to allow Web page designers to add animation, movement, and interactivity to their pages.
1998 The first Google index has 26 million Web pages. It reaches one billion in 2000 and one trillion in 2008. October 2001 Apple introduces the iPod or “a thousand songs in your pocket.” The first pocket-sized music players were introduced a year earlier. 110 million iPods have been sold by 2007. March 2007 Estonia becomes the world’s first country to use internet voting in a parliamentary election.
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