New research has found that throughout the New York metro area, neighborhoods deemed “unfavorable” nearly a century ago are more polluted on average than other communities mapped out by the federal authority, typically along racial lines.
The unfavorable ratings were based on the proportion of nonwhite or immigrant residents in a neighborhood, as well as the presence of preexisting sources of pollution. They made it harder for Black families and other residents of redlined neighborhoods to buy homes, build wealth and escape poverty, contributing to poorer overall health. The designation also made redlined areas appealing targets for highways,, waste transfer stations and heavy industry — all of which produce harmful emissions.
Across all the cities originally mapped by the government, redlined neighborhoods were exposed to more NO2 and PM2.5 than neighborhoods with higher ratings. Even among inhabitants of same-rated areas, the study found, residents of color tended to be more exposed to these pollutants than their white neighbors — suggesting that redlining isn’t solely to blame for racial disparities in air pollution exposure.
Plenty of neighborhoods don’t follow the trends, though: much of Staten Island’s west shore received a ‘D’ designation from the Home Owners' Loan Corporation, but the region has below-average levels of the two pollutants.Experts and local environmental justice advocates alike said the results are validating but unsurprising.
Dr. Joan Casey, an assistant professor of environmental health sciences at Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health, praised the study but cautioned against drawing a direct cause-and-effect relationship between the corporation’s grades and 21st-century air pollution. After all, she said, pre-existing pollution sources may have helped earn a neighborhood its "D" grade in the first place.
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