Color Conundrum: Scientists’ Search for the Blackest Black

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Color Conundrum: Scientists’ Search for the Blackest Black
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Materials capable of absorbing upwards of 99.9 percent of light could be useful in a variety of optical and space applications.

and certain birds-of-paradise display the color in combination with more vibrant hues for eye-catching courtship rituals.

Dakota McCoy, a postdoctoral researcher in biophotonics at Stanford University, says that these biological adaptations — like how some birds-of-paradise use their light-absorbing feathers to— can serve as inspiration for new technologies. “Engineers are very smart and they've made great devices, but nature has some cool tricks,” McCoy says. “We can look to these birds and these spiders and try to get inspiration for resilient, weather-resistant materials that can absorb light really well.

Indeed, scientists have been on the hunt for their own, improved, version of an ultra-black material for over a decade — but not for courtship rituals. Materials capable of absorbing upwards of 99.9 percent of light could increase the absorption of heat in solar power technology, or find use in military applications such as thermal camouflage. They’ve also been used in space, preventing stray light from entering telescopes and improving infrared sensors focused on Earth’s radiation budget.

When snow falls on a warm sidewalk, it turns into a wet mess. But when snow finds itself on a cold sidewalk, it accumulates more easily — creating a “fluffy” structure akin to the super black feathers of birds-of-paradise. Photons rattle around the microstructures of metal blacks in much the same way, before ultimately being absorbed.Around 2004, Lehman began investigating a new replacement for metal blacks: carbon nanotubes, cylinders of carbon atoms, or graphite.

When arranged in a properly spaced “forest,” the carbon nanotubes become even blacker. Lehman and his colleagues at NIST grow low-density forests that contain about one billion nanotubes per square centimeter. That may sound like a lot, but it’s not. The tubes are very thin compared to the size of a photon — around 400 to 700 nanometers, just thin enough to trap photons rather than allowing them to immediately bounce away.

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