Nature research paper: Attosecond field emission
HAS measurements are performed on the same setup by means of automated removal of the Ne gas used to generate high harmonics and the Zr filter, automated replacement of the inner mirror in the dual-mirror module by a Ni-coated one of the same focal lengths and the streaking gas nozzle is replaced by an electrically grounded tungsten nanotip. The above setup modifications are executed in a fraction of a minute and warrant identical conditions for all relevant measurements.
, of both increasing as well as decreasing intensity, and recorded identical curves. When the critical intensity reached, the tip is damaged and the cutoff energy irreversibly drops to much lower values without the possibility for recovery unless a new tip is installed. To explore short-term and long-term stability of our system, we recorded electron spectra as a function of time under identical conditions and for intensities typically higher than those used in the HAS measurements. Data shown in Extended Data Fig.
suggest an excellent stability of cutoff energy and electron yield, implying the structural robustness of the nanotip on the timescale of typical measurements as well as over several hours.The time-dependent ionization probability from a tungsten nanotip was approximated by the Fowler–Nordheim formula as
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