The shape of our Universe has long been recognized to be flat. But that isn't the only possibility
) used the latest data from the Planck satellite to draw the opposite conclusion: perhaps the Universe isn't flat at all, but curved with a particular, closed geometry. Is this possible? Many have asked, including Tom Ensalata, who wants to know:
While a two-dimensional plane can be flat, it can also be curved, either positively or negatively . This applies not just two any two-dimensional surfaces we can imagine, but also to higher-dimensional spaces as well.... [+] Friedmann equation at right. The first Friedmann equation details the Hubble expansion rate squared on the left hand side, which governs the evolution of spacetime. The right side includes all the different forms of matter and energy, along with spatial curvature , which determines how the Universe evolves in the future. This has been called the most important equation in all of cosmology, and was derived by Friedmann in essentially its modern form back in 1922.
Where you have an overdense region , the light will have a harder time climbing out of that gravitational potential well, and hence it loses more energy than average and appears colder. Similarly, it's easier than average for light to escape an underdense region, and those spots appear hotter than average. By looking at the angular scales of these temperature fluctuations, we can reconstruct the geometry of the Universe....
Gravitational lensing is a cumulative effect of having matter in between your observation point and the source you're measuring: in this case, the Cosmic Microwave Background itself. The identification of a stronger-than-expected lensing signal, one possible interpretation of the Planck data, suggests that there's more matter density than previously expected.
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